COM.on C.A.2:e10/62-71
Online published on Dec.10, 2008.
REPORT
Cancer Incidence Patterns by Race and
Sex in the United States, 1992-2005
HAN Xuesong1, HAN Xuemei2, LUO Qianlai3
1.
Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT06510 USA; 2. Yale School of
Forestry & Environmental Studies, New Haven, CT06511 USA; 3.
University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health,
Chapel Hill, NC27599 USA
ABSTRACT:
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and the cancer incidence
is increasing. Variations in cancer incidence patterns have been
observed through different ethnicities as well as between males and
females. Data from 13 U.S. population-based cancer registries during
1992-2005 were analyzed and the incidence patterns were presented for
different types of cancer by race and sex. Prostate cancer and breast
cancer were identified with the highest incidence rates in males and
females respectively among all race groups, and lung and bronchus
cancer listed second. Being a white or a black increased the risk of
most types of cancers, with exception of stomach cancer, liver cancer
and thyroid cancer of which being an Asian increases the risk, and
intrahepatic bile duct cancer and gallbladder cancer of which being a
native American increases the risk. Being a male increased the risk of
most types of cancers among all race groups, with the exception of
thyroid cancer and gallbladder cancer. The incidence rate of liver
cancer and thyroid cancer kept increasing during the 14 years among
both sexes and all race groups.
Key words:
Cancer; Incidence; Rate ratio; Race; Sex
Recieved: Dec.4,2008 Accepted: Dec.9,2008 Corresponding:
xuesong.han@yale.edu
Full text in English only:
[PDF]
References
1. WHO (2008)
Cancer fact sheet. WHO Media Centre.
2. Stefansson V
(1960) Cancer: disease of civilization? An
anthropological and historical study. 1st
ed. New York, NY: American Book-Stratford
Press, Inc.
3. Bradlow L,
Fishman J, Osborne M (1997) Cancer: genetics
and the environment. New York, NY: New York
Academy of Sciences.
4. Wilson S, Jones
L, Coussens C, Hanna K (2002) Cancer and the
environment: gene-environment interaction.
Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
5. National Cancer
Institute (2008)
Overview of the SEER program.
6. Surveillance,
Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program
(2008) SEER*Stat Database: Incidence - SEER
9 Regs Limited-Use, Nov 2007 Sub (1973-2005)
<Katrina/Rita Population Adjustment> -
Linked To County Attributes - Total U.S.,
1969-2005 Counties, National Cancer
Institute, DCCPS, Surveillance Research
Program, Cancer Statistics Branch, released
Apr 2008, based on the Nov 2007 submission.
http://www.seer.cancer.gov
7. National Cancer
Institute (2002)
Number of persons by race and hispanic
ethnicity for SEER participants.
8. SEER (2008)
Stat Help.
9. Darwin C (1872)
The origin of species. London: John Murray.
10. Stoneking M, Soodyall
H (1996)
Human evolution and the mitochondrial genome.
Curr Opin Genet Dev 6: 731-736.
11. Pienta KJ, Esper PS
(1993)
Risk factors for prostate cancer.
Ann Intern Med 118: 793-803.
12. Ross R, Bernstein L,
Judd H, Hanisch R, Pike M, Henderson B
(1986)
Serum testosterone levels in healthy young
black and white men. J Natl
Cancer Inst 76: 45-48.
13. Ross RK, Bernstein L,
Lobo RA, Shimizu H, Stanczyk FZ, Pike MC,
Henderson BE (1992)
5-alpha-reductase activity and risk of
prostate cancer among Japanese and US white
and black males. Lancet 339:
887-889.
14. Okobia MN, Bunker CH
(2005)
Epidemiological risk factors for breast
cancer--a review. Niger J Clin
Pract 8:35-42.
15. Morris D (1967) The
naked ape: a zoologist's study of the human
animal. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
16. Short RV (1976)
Evolution of human reproduction.
Proc R Soc Lond B
Biol Sci 195: 3-24.
17. Bribiescas RG (2006)
Reproductive physiology and human evolution.
Int Congr Ser 1296: 127-137.
18. Eaton SB, Pike MC,
Short RV, Lee NC, Trussell J, Hatcher RA,
Wood JW, Worthman CM, Jones NG, Konner MJ,
Hill KR, Bailey R, Hurtado, AM (1994)
Women's reproductive cancers in evolutionary
context. Q Rev Biol 69: 353-367.
19. Eaton SB, Eaton SBI
(1999) Breast cancer in evolutionary
context. In: Trevathan WR, Smith EO, Mckenna
JJ (eds) Evolutionary Medicine. New York,
NY: Oxford University Press. 429- 442.
20. Nesse RM, Williams GC
(1994) Why we get sick: the new science of
Darwinian medicine. New York, NY: Times
Books.
21. Hamilton A, Ries LAG
(2007) Chapter 22 Cancer of the prostate.
In: Ries LAG, Young JL, Keel GE, Eisner MP,
Lin YD, Horner M-J (eds) Cancer survival
among adults: U.S. SEER Program, 1988-2001,
patient and tumor characteristics. Bethsda,
MD: National Cancer Institutes, SEER
Program, NIH Pub. No. 07-6215. 235-242.
22. Ries LAG, Eisner MP
(2007) Chapter 13 Cancer of the female
breast. In: Ries LAG, Young JL, Keel GE,
Eisner MP, Lin YD, Horner M-J (eds) Cancer
survival among adults: U.S. SEER Program,
1988-2001, patient and tumor
characteristics. Bethsda, MD: National
Cancer Institutes, SEER Program, NIH Pub.
No. 07-6215. 101-110.
23. Berg Gudbergsson S,
Fosså SD, Dahl AA (2008)
Is cancer survivorship associated with
reduced work engagement? A NOCWO Study.
J Cancer Surviv 2: 159-168.
24. Bloch S, Love A,
Macvean M, Duchesne G, Couper J, Kissane D
(2007)
Psychological adjustment of men with
prostate cancer: a review of the literature.
Biopsychosoc Med 1: 2.
25. Yabroff KR, McNeel
TS, Waldron WR, Davis WW, Brown ML, Clauser
S, Lawrence WF (2007)
Health limitations and quality of life
associated with cancer and other chronic
diseases by phase of care. Med
Care 45: 629-637.
26. Alberg AJ, Samet JM
(2003)
Epidemiology of lung cancer.
Chest 123: 21S-49S.
27. Rabinoff M, Caskey N,
Rissling A, Park C (2007)
Pharmacological and chemical effects of
cigarette additives. Am J Public
Health 97: 1981-1991.
28. Curado MP, Edwards B,
Shin HR, Storm H, Ferlay J, Heanue M, Boyle
P (2007)
Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol.
IX. IARC Scientific Publications No. 160.
Lyon: IARC.
29. Sinha M, Larkin EK,
Elston RC, Redline S (2006)
Self-reported race and genetic admixture.
N Engl J Med 354: 421-422.
30. Yang J, Carmichael
SL, Kaidarova Z, Shaw GM (2004)
Risks of selected congenital malformations
among offspring of mixed race-ethnicity.
Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 70:
820-824.
31. Udry JR, Li RM,
Hendrickson-Smith J (2003)
Health and behavior risks of adolescents
with mixed-race identity. Am J
Public Health 93: 1865-1870.
32. Richards J (2005)
The health consequences of race mixing.
MajorityRights.com.
33. Prinz C, Schwendy S,
Voland P (2006)
H pylori and gastric cancer: shifting the
global burden. World J
Gastroenterol 12: 5458-5464.
34. Yamaoka Y, Kato M,
Asaka M (2008)
Geographic differences in gastric cancer
incidence can be explained by differences
between Helicobacter pylori strains.
Intern Med 47: 1077-1083.
35. Kim N, Park YS, Cho
SI, Lee HS, Choe G, Kim IW, Won YD, Park JH,
Kim JS, Jung HC, Song IS (2008)
Prevalence and risk factors of atrophic
gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in a
Korean population without significant
gastroduodenal disease.
Helicobacter 13: 245-255.
36. Shi R, Xu S, Zhang H,
Ding Y, Sun G, Huang X, Chen X, Li X, Yan Z,
Zhang G (2008)
Prevalence and risk factors for Helicobacter
pylori infection in Chinese populations.
Helicobacter 13: 157-165.
37. Stemmermann GN,
Nomura AM, Chyou PH, Hankin J (1990)
Impact of diet and smoking on risk of
developing intestinal metaplasia of the
stomach. Dig Dis Sci 35: 433-438.
38. Luo RH, Zhao ZX, Zhou
XY, Gao ZL, Yao JL (2005)
Risk factors for primary liver carcinoma in
Chinese population. World J
Gastroenterol 11: 4431-4434.
39. Srivatanakul P,
Sriplung H, Deerasamee S (2004)
Epidemiology of liver cancer: an overview.
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 5: 118-125.
40. Tazuma S, Kajiyama G
(2001)
Carcinogenesis of malignant lesions of the
gall bladder. The impact of chronic
inflammation and gallstones.
Langenbecks Arch Surg 386: 224-229.
41. Ahrens W, Timmer A,
Vyberg M, Fletcher T, Guénel P, Merler E,
Merletti F, Morales M, Olsson H, Olsen J,
Hardell L, Kaerlev L, Raverdy N, Lynge E
(2007)
Risk factors for extrahepatic biliary tract
carcinoma in men: medical conditions and
lifestyle: results from a European
multicentre case-control study.
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 19: 623-630.
42. Randi G, Franceschi
S, La Vecchia C (2006)
Gallbladder cancer worldwide: geographical
distribution and risk factors.
Int J Cancer 118: 1591-1602.
43. Roa I, Ibacache G,
Roa J, Araya J, de Aretxabala X, Muñoz S
(2006)
Gallstones and gallbladder cancer-volume and
weight of gallstones are associated with
gallbladder cancer: a case-control study.
J Surg Oncol 93: 624-628.
44. Puppala S, Dodd GD,
Fowler S, Arya R, Schneider J, Farook VS,
Granato R, Dyer TD, Almasy L, Jenkinson CP,
Diehl AK, Stern MP, Blangero J, Duggirala R
(2006)
A genomewide search finds major
susceptibility loci for gallbladder disease
on chromosome 1 in Mexican Americans.
Am J Hum Genet 78: 377-392.
45. Miquel JF,
Covarrubias C, Villaroel L, Mingrone G,
Greco AV, Puglielli L, Carvallo P, Marshall
G, Del Pino G, Nervi F (1998)
Genetic epidemiology of cholesterol
cholelithiasis among Chilean Hispanics,
Amerindians, and Maoris.
Gastroenterology 115: 937-946.
46. Brown LM, Hoover R,
Silverman D, Baris D, Hayes R, Swanson GM,
Schoenberg J, Greenberg R, Liff J, Schwartz
A, Dosemeci M, Pottern L, Fraumeni JF Jr
(2001)
Excess incidence of squamous cell esophageal
cancer among US Black men: role of social
class and other risk factors. Am
J Epidemiol 153: 114-122.
47. Goodwin WJ, Thomas GR,
Parker DF, Joseph D, Levis S, Franzmann E,
Anello C, Hu JJ (2008)
Unequal burden of head and neck cancer in
the United States. Head Neck 30:
358-371.
48. Prieto J (2008)
Inflammation, HCC and sex: IL-6 in the
centre of the triangle. J Hepatol
48: 380-381.
49. Sander LE, Trautwein
C, Liedtke C (2007)
Is interleukin-6 a gender-specific risk
factor for liver cancer?
Hepatology 46: 1304-1305.
50. Naugler WE, Sakurai
T, Kim S, Maeda S, Kim K, Elsharkawy AM,
Karin M (2007)
Gender disparity in liver cancer due to sex
differences in MyD88-dependent IL-6
production. Science 317: 121-124.
51. Krausz C, Quintana-Murci
L, Forti G (2004)
Y chromosome polymorphisms in medicine.
Ann Med 36: 573-583.
52.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) (2008) Behavioral Risk Factor
Surveillance System Survey Data. Atlanta,
Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. Prevalence and trends
data, National Center for Chronic Disease
Prevention & Health Promotion.
http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/
53. Gasser S, Raulet D
(2006)
The DNA damage response, immunity and cancer.
Semin Cancer Biol 16: 344-347.
54. Thaker PH, Han LY,
Kamat AA, Arevalo JM, Takahashi R, Lu C,
Jennings NB, Armaiz-Pena G, Bankson JA,
Ravoori M, Merritt WM, Lin YG, Mangala LS,
Kim TJ, Coleman RL, Landen CN, Li Y, Felix
E, Sanguino AM, Newman RA, Lloyd M,
Gershenson DM, Kundra V, Lopez-Berestein G,
Lutgendorf SK, Cole SW, Sood AK (2006)
Chronic stress promotes tumor growth and
angiogenesis in a mouse model of ovarian
carcinoma. Nat Med 12: 939-944.
55. Thaker PH, Lutgendorf
SK, Sood AK (2007)
The neuroendocrine impact of chronic stress
on cancer. Cell Cycle 6: 430-433.
56. Thaker PH, Sood AK
(2008)
Neuroendocrine influences on cancer biology.
Semin Cancer Biol 18: 164-170.