COMMUNICATION on CONTEMPORARY ANTHROPOLOGY

Official journal of Shanghai Society of Anthropology eISSN1936-4458 pISSN1938-0580

中文
HOME
2008Vol.2
2007Vol.1
Authors' Guide
Editorial Board
Publishing Policy
Contact us
Resources
Site Map
COM.on C.A.3:e3/13-46     Online published on Apr. 22, 2009.
REPORT
Migration and Diversification of Mitochondrial Haplogroup N in East Asians

CHEN Zhiyong

China Dinasour Forum, Shanghai 200085 China


ABSTRACT: Mitochondrial superhaplogroup N is one of the three dominant haplogroups M, N and R in the East Asians. Here published sequences and data of haplogroup N in East Asia were collected and the phylogenesis was reconstructured. The origin of the N lineage of East Asians (A, N9a, Y, N9b, etc.) was found to be beside Tonkin Bay, not in Central Asia but in Southeast Asia. Time estimates suggested that superhaplogroup N most probably arrived in Southeast Asia 50 thousand years ago, and started to expand in mainland of East Asia around 25-20 thousand years ago. Geographic analyses showed that middle China was the diffusion center of the downstream haplogroups A, N9a, and Y, indicating haplogroup N might be associated to Hmong-Mien, especially to the ancient “Miao Man”. Therefore, the ancient population with the haplogroup N might be defined as “proto-Hmong”. Further analyses showed that haplogroup N distributes not only in Hmong from Hunan but also in the neighboring Han Chinese and other minorities. Present Hmong is not the only descendant of “proto-Hmong” but one of those descendant sharing haplogroup N.

Key words: Mitochondria; Haplogroup N; East Asia; Tonkin Bay; Migration; Hmong-Mien

Recieved: Mar.8, 2009   Accepted: Apr. 21,2009  Corresponding: nickchen1@vip.sina.com


Full text: [PDF]
 

Supplementary table 1. Resources for the mtDNA data of population samples

http://COMonCA.org.cn/PDF/2009/COMONCA03-003S.doc 



Web resources

GenBank, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank/

CLC Free Workbench 4.5.1, http://www.clcbio.com/index.php?id=28

Network 4.5.0.0, http://www.fluxus-engineering.com/sharenet.htm

Sufer 8.0, http://www.goldensoftware.com/products/surfer/surfer.shtml

 

References

1. Hudjashov G, Kivisild T, Underhill PA, Endicott P, Sanchez JJ, Lin AA, Shen P, Oefner P, Renfrew C, Villems R, Forster P (2007) Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8726-8730.

2. Metspalu M, Kivisild T, Bandelt HJ, Richards M, Villems R (2006) The pioneer settlement of modern humans in Asia. In: Bandelt HJ, Macaulay V, Richards M (eds) Human mitochondrial DNA and the evolution of Homo sapiens. Springer-Verlag, 181–199.

3. Hill C, Soares P, Mormina M, Macaulay V, Clarke D, Blumbach P, Vizuete-Forster M, Forster P, Bulbeck D, Oppenheimer S, Richards M (2007) A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia. Am J Hum Genet 80:29-43.

4. Hill C, Soares P, Mormina M, Macaulay V, Meehan W, Blackburn J, Clarke D, Raja JM, Ismail P, Bulbeck D, Oppenheimer S, Richards M (2006) Phylogeography and ethnogenesis of aboriginal Southeast Asians. Mol Biol Evol 23:2480-2491.

5. Macaulay V, Hill C, Achilli A, Rengo C, Clarke D, Meehan W, Blackburn J, Semino O, Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Taha A, Shaari NK, Raja JM, Ismail P, Zainuddin Z, Goodwin W, Bulbeck D, Bandelt HJ, Oppenheimer S, Torroni A, Richards M (2005) Single, rapid coastal settlement of Asia revealed by analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes. Science 308:1034-1036.

6. Tanaka M, Cabrera VM, González AM, Larruga JM, Takeyasu T, Fuku N, Guo LJ, Hirose R, Fujita Y, Kurata M, Shinoda K, Umetsu K, Yamada Y, Oshida Y, Sato Y, Hattori N, Mizuno Y, Arai Y, Hirose N, Ohta S, Ogawa O, Tanaka Y, Kawamori R, Shamoto-Nagai M, Maruyama W, Shimokata H, Suzuki R, Shimodaira H (2004) Mitochondrial genome variation in eastern Asia and the peopling of Japan. Genome Res 14:1832-1850.

7. Starikovskaya EB, Sukernik RI, Derbeneva OA, Volodko NV, Ruiz-Pesini E, Torroni A, Brown MD, Lott MT, Hosseini SH, Huoponen K, Wallace DC (2004) Mitochondrial DNA diversity in indigenous populations of the southern extent of Siberia, and the origins of Native American haplogroups. Ann Hum Genet 69:67-89.

8. Kong QP, Bandelt HJ, Sun C, Yao YG, Salas A, Achilli A, Wang CY, Zhong L, Zhu CL, Wu SF, Torroni A, Zhang YP (2006) Updating the East Asian mtDNA phylogeny: a prerequisite for the identification of pathogenic mutations. Hum Mol Genet 15:2076-2086.

9. Wen B, Li H, Lu D, Song X, Zhang F, He Y, Li F, Gao Y, Mao X, Zhang L, Qian J, Tan J, Jin J, Huang W, Deka R, Su B, Chakraborty R, Jin L (2004) Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture. Nature 431:302-305.

10. Li X, Su M, Huang H, Li H, Tian D, Gao Y (2007) mtDNA evidence: Genetic background associated with related populations at high risk for esophageal cancer between Chaoshan and Taihang Mountain areas in China. Genomics 90:474–481.

11. Li H, Cai X, Winograd-Cort ER, Wen B, Cheng X, Qin Z, Liu W, Liu Y, Pan S, Qian J, Tan CC, Jin L(2007) Mitochondrial DNA Diversity and Population Differentiation in Southern East Asia. Am J Phys Anthropol 134:481–488.

12. Gan RJ, Pan SL, Mustavich LF, Qin ZD, Cai XY, Qian J, Liu CW, Peng JH, Li SL, Xu JS, Jin L, Li H; Genographic Consortium (2008) Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure. J Hum Genet 53, 303–313.

13. Yao YG, Kong QP, Wang CY, Zhu CL, Zhang YP (2004) Different matrilineal contributions to genetic structure of ethnic groups in the silk road region in china. Mol Biol Evol 21:2265-2280.

14. Palanichamy MG, Sun C, Agrawal S, Bandelt HJ, Kong QP, Khan F, Wang CY, Chaudhuri TK, Palla V, Zhang YP (2004) Phylogeny of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup N in India, based on complete sequencing: implications for the peopling of South Asia. Am J Hum Genet 75:966-978.

15.孔庆鹏,张亚平 (2008) 人类线粒体DNA 世系的系统发育关系研究. 生命科学 20:540-548.

16. Ingman M, Gyllensten U (2007) Rate variation between mitochondrial domains and adaptive evolution in humans. Hum Mol Genet 16:2281-2287.

17. Kong QP, Yao YG, Sun C, Bandelt HJ, Zhu CL, Zhang YP (2003) Phylogeny of east Asian mitochondrial DNA lineages inferred from complete sequences. Am J Hum Genet 73:671-676.

18. Wen B, Xie X, Gao S, Li H, Shi H, Song X, Qian T, Xiao C, Jin J, Su B, Lu D, Chakraborty R, Jin L (2004) Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans. Am J Hum Genet 74:856–865.

19. Lee HY, Yoo JE, Park MJ, Chung U, Kim CY, Shin KJ (2006) East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis. Electrophoresis 27:4408-4418.

20. Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Grzybowski T, Denisova G, Dambueva I, Perkova M, Dorzhu C, Luzina F, Lee HK, Vanecek T, Villems R, Zakharov I (2007) Phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial DNA in northern Asian populations. Am J Hum Genet 81:1025–1041.

21. Volodko NV, Starikovskaya EB, Mazunin IO, Eltsov NP, Naidenko PV, Wallace DC, Sukernik RI (2008) Mitochondrial genome diversity in arctic Siberians, with particular reference to the evolutionary history of Beringia and Pleistocenic peopling of the Americas. Am J Hum Genet 82:1084-1100.

22. Yao YG, Kong QP, Bandelt HJ, Kivisild T, Zhang YP (2002) Phylogeographic differentiation of mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese. Am J Hum Genet 70:635-651.

23.Wen B, Li H, Gao S, Mao X, Gao Y, Li F, Zhang F, He Y, Dong Y, Zhang Y, Huang W, Jin J, Xiao C, Lu D, Chakraborty R, Su B, Deka R, Jin L(2004) Genetic Structure of Hmong-Mien Speaking Populations in East Asia as Revealed by mtDNA Lineages. Mol Biol Evol 22:725–734.

24. 王青峰,常城 (2008) 我国藏族人群线粒体DNA系统发育基因组学研究.兰州大学2008届硕士学位论文.

25. Kong QP, Yao YG, Liu M, Shen SP, Chen C, Zhu CL, Palanichamy MG, Zhang YP (2003) Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China. Hum Genet 113:391-405.

26. Reddy BM, Langstieh BT, Kumar V, Nagaraja T, Reddy AN, Meka A, Reddy AG, Thangaraj K, Singh L (2007) Austro-Asiatic tribes of Northeast India provide hitherto missing genetic link between South and Southeast Asia. PLoS ONE 2(11):e1141.

27. 李彬彬, 钟复光, 易红生, 王先然, 李良芳, 王丽兰, 齐晓岚, 吴立甫 (2007) 贵州侗族仡佬族土家族和彝族人群线粒体DNA 多态性研究. 遗传学报 34: 800-811.

28. Saillard J, Forster P, Lynnerup N, Bandelt HJ, Nørby S (2000) mtDNA variation among Greenland Eskimos: the edge of the Beringian expansion. Am J Hum Genet 67:718-726.

29. Trejaut JA, Kivisild T, Loo JH, Lee CL, He CL, Hsu CJ, Lee ZY, Lin M (2005) Traces of archaic mitochondrial lineages persist in Austronesian-speaking Formosan populations. PLoS Biol 3(8):e247.

30. Oota H, Kitano T, Jin F, Yuasa I, Wang L, Ueda S, Saitou N, Stoneking M.(2002)Extreme mtDNA Homogeneity in Continental Asian Populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 118:146–153.

31. Ji Y, Zhang AM, Jia X, Zhang YP, Xiao X, Li S, Guo X, Bandelt HJ, Zhang Q, Yao YG (2008) Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups M7b1'2 and M8a affect clinical expression of leber hereditary optic neuropathy in Chinese families with the m.11778GA mutation. Am J Hum Genet 83:760-768.

32. Cheng B, Tang W, He L, Dong Y, Lu J, Lei Y, Yu H, Zhang J, Xiao C (2008) Genetic imprint of the Mongol: signal from phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial DNA. J Hum Genet 53:905–913.

33. Yao YG, Nie L, Harpending H, Fu YX, Yuan ZG, Zhang YP (2002) Genetic relationship of Chinese ethnic populations revealed by mtDNA sequence diversity. Am J Phys Anthropol 118:63-76.

34. Yao YG, Kong QP, Man XY, Bandelt HJ, Zhang YP (2003) Reconstructing the evolutionary history of China: a caveat about inferences drawn from ancient DNA. Mol Biol Evol 20:214-219.

35. Derenko MV, Grzybowski T, Malyarchuk BA, Dambueva IK, Denisova GA, Czarny J, Dorzhu CM, Kakpakov VT, Miścicka-Sliwka D, Woźniak M, Zakharov IA (2003) Diversity of mitochondrial DNA lineages in South Siberia. Ann Hum Genet 67:391-411.

36.林观得 (1982) 台湾海峡海底地貌的探讨. 台湾海峡 1(2):58-63.

37. 蔡保全 (2002) 晚玉木冰期台湾海峡成陆的证据. 海洋科学 26(6):51-54.

38. Tajima A, Hayami M, Tokunaga K, Juji T, Matsuo M, Marzuki S, Omoto K, Horai S (2004) Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages. J Hum Genet 49:187-193.

39. Horai S, Murayama K, Hayasaka K, Matsubayashi S, Hattori Y, Fucharoen G, Harihara S, Park KS, Omoto K, Pan IH (1996) mtDNA polymorphism in East Asian Populations, with special reference to the peopling of Japan. Am J Hum Genet 59:579-590.

40. Forster P, Harding R, Torroni A, Bandelt HJ (1996) Origin and evolution of Native American mtDNA variation: a reappraisal. Am J Hum Genet 59:935-945.

41. Mishmar D, Ruiz-Pesini E, Golik P, Macaulay V, Clark AG, Hosseini S, Brandon M, Easley K, Chen E, Brown MD, Sukernik RI, Olckers A, Wallace DC (2003) Natural selection shaped regional mtDNA variation in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:171-176.

42. 施雅风,崔之久,苏珍 (2006)中国第四纪冰川与环境变化.石家庄:河北科学技术出版社. 566-567,602-604.

43. Su B, Xiao J, Underhill P, Deka R, Zhang W, Akey J, Huang W, Shen D, Lu D, Luo J, Chu J, Tan J, Shen P, Davis R, Cavalli-Sforza L, Chakraborty R, Xiong M, Du R, Oefner P, Chen Z, Jin L (1999) Y-Chromosome evidence for a northward migration of modern humans into Eastern Asia during the last Ice Age. Am J Hum Genet 65:1718-1724.

44. Xue Y, Zerjal T, Bao W, Zhu S, Shu Q, Xu J, Du R, Fu S, Li P, Hurles ME, Yang H, Tyler-Smith C (2006) Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times. Genetics 172:2431-2439.

45. Kayser M, Brauer S, Cordaux R, Casto A, Lao O, Zhivotovsky LA, Moyse-Faurie C, Rutledge RB, Schiefenhoevel W, Gil D, Lin AA, Underhill PA, Oefner PJ, Trent RJ, Stoneking M (2006) Melanesian and Asian origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y chromosome gradients across the Pacific. Mol Biol Evol 23:2234-2244.

46. 文波,金力(2004)Y染色体mtDNA多态性与东亚人群的遗传结构. 复旦大学2004年遗传学专业博士论文.

47. Li H, Huang Y, Mustavich LF, Zhang F, Tan JZ, Wang LE, Qian J, Gao MH, Jin L (2007) Y chromosomes of prehistoric people along the Yangtze River. Hum Genet 122:383-388.

48. 高嵩,金力 (2004) 东亚人群线粒体遗传多态研究. 复旦大学人类生物学2004年毕业论文.

49. Lin SJ, Tanaka K, Leonard W, Gerelsaikhan T, Dashnyam B, Nyamkhishig S, Hida A, Nakahori Y, Omoto K, Crawford MH, Nakagome Y (1994) A Y-associated allele is shared among a few ethnic groups of Asia. Jpn J Hum Genet 39:299-304.

50. Jin HJ, Kwak KD, Hammer MF, Nakahori Y, Shinka T, Lee JW, Jin F, Jia X, Tyler-Smith C, Kim W (2003) Y-chromosomal DNA haplogroups and their implications for the dual origins of the Koreans. Hum Genet 114:27-35.

51. Lu C, Zhang J, Li Y, Xia Y, Zhang F, Wu B, Wu W, Ji G, Gu A, Wang S, Jin L, Wang X (2007) The b2/b3 subdeletion shows higher risk of spermatogenic failure and higher frequency of complete AZFc deletion than the gr/gr subdeletion in a Chinese population. Hum Mol Genet 18:1122-1130.

52. 蔡保全 (1997) “东山陆桥”与台湾最早人类. 漳州师院学报 (3):31-36.